无政府主义、基督教和预言想像力8
写由贾森· Barr ： 2007年11月28日
看无政府主义的基本原则，那地方分权结构和共有的当局，我们现在将充实有些涵义。 我们将谈论的第一种涵义是直系活动想法。
分散的领导想法导致直系活动的概念。 直系活动发生，当人们参加直接地决策过程或亲自涉及影响政治和社会改变。 如此而不是支持代表做出决定的投票代表您的，我们(理论上)在竞选做，人们会有直接言关于通过参加影响他们，讨论，涉及以抗议的形式或做出不同的选择的问题。 它意味接受实践方法对生活-而不是让其他决定或口授它为您-用“甚而代表性民主”不可能允许的方式。
大卫Wieck在实用情况直系活动的举例子。 说屠户(如果您是素食言每有机菜市场)欺诈顾客在他的商店。 有行动你的三个基本的类型可能采取解决情况。 “仅仅谈话”是简单抱怨欺诈和对的屠户的不做任何东西对此。 “间接行动”是屠户向重量和测量的部门报告-和让他们应付问题(您希望)。 但“直系活动”意味处理个人屠户，那是否意味在别处采取您的事务，带来您自己的标度测量肉或开始不欺诈顾客的您自己的商店。 It should be noted that dealing with the butcher violently is not recommended - remember, anarchism seeks to REDUCE the violence in society.
Direct action is also used to enact larger social changes. So although it wasn’t anarchist, the Civil Rights Movement featured several direct action tactics to protest segregation, including boycotts against bus companies and businesses, lunch counter sit-ins, freedom rides, demonstrations and other forms of civil disobedience. Other forms of direct action include sabotage, work stoppages or slowdowns, and strikes.
A corollary of direct action is mutual aid, where people support each other in solidarity to help meet each others’ needs. Mutual aid involves cooperation to ensure that everyone in the community has their needs met, instead of competing in the name of self-interest. Mutual aid could also function as a kind of living critique of modern individual isolation. The early church in Acts 2 and 4 is a quintessential picture of a society based on mutual aid.
Next time we will look at anarchism and leadership.
for further reading . . .
- None Found
Hi Jason:
I am actually interested in commenting on something you wrote in installment 6. You said that anarchy proposes that decisions that affect the group would be decided by consensus. But what if you cannot reach consensus? What if, say 40% of the people do NOT want to take an action, while 60% DO want to. Absent consensus, presumably no action would be taken, but this would mean the 40% were imposing *their* preference on the 60%. How is that better than if majority ruled a la democracy? I k now you criticized actually existing democracy as not REALLY allowing the peoples’ preference to be realized, but it seems a little unfair to compare actually existing democracy with the idealized anarchy.
your friend
Keith
Consensus does have a tendency to get bogged down in a tyranny of the minority, yes. This is a well-documented problem.
I’ve oversimplified things there a bit, actually. Not all anarchists use consensus, some anarchists are much more individualist than I’ve implied there - I just don’t think that sort of anarchism relates well to Biblical Christianity, which is my intent with this series.
There are different ways to move in the face of an absence of consensus, none of which are totally satisfactory - but it’s important to understand that groups based on consensus begin with the idea that they’re probably going to take a long time and a lot of discussion to get things done - so for matters involving only a few people the whole group wouldn’t necessarily need to meet to decide. The people involved would take care of it within themselves, presumably seeking a mediator if they were to disagree. There are various methods for mediation, and even in a worst case scenario presumably some kind of compromise would be possible. This is actually one of the places where the fallenness of people and the sense of lack that is present within ANY political system comes into play.
I also need to point out that anarchy and democracy are not antithetical (which is an impression I may have given in the series) - in fact, a number of anarchist theories depend on democracy and democratic methodologies. The thinking is that anarchist democratic practices would be truly democratic in a way that state-based democracy is not and cannot be.
I would also question the notion that democracy actually exists in the world today. Do you REALLY think the United States is a democracy? At the very least you need to consider the Ellulian idea that the technique of bureaucracy functions in such a way as to make what people actually hold what offices at least to a large extent irrelevant. This comment on my blog actually illustrates that pretty well.
I think if one looks long and hard at the history of our country the responsible conclusion to reach is that our “democracy” is at best idealized and at worse a fiction that allows the average person to be largely, systematically removed from the decision-making process. Voting, ironically, can be seen as contributing to that fact, rather than empowering people. Matters such as propaganda, lobbying, a limited-party system, and other things contribute to that fact… but the blame can largely be laid right at the source - the Constitution.
And no, I’m not a Marxist by a long shot, but I think Marxist analysis is very good for some things - particularly the type of argument that article makes.
The argument I was actually trying to make, way back in the beginning of the discussion on anarchism, was that decentralized structures generally allow people to have more control over their lives. I never said it gave them absolute control, nor that absolute control would be a good thing. The point is that anarchic structures supposedly would give people more freedom in a way that theoretically leads to a more just society. It’s not a political vending machine where you insert these three coins (ideology), pull the lever (put into practice) and get the candy bar (a happy, just society). There is a very real way that smaller-scale structures can in fact be tyrannical, an idea Corey Robin explores in his excellent book Fear: The History of a Political Idea.
Or, as I said in my blog today:
Dear Lord what did I do to the markup in that comment? *LOL* Mark, any way you could tidy that up for me? I think I forgot to close a couple of tags.
Good as new!
Thank you so much.
I suppose that as a Quaker, I may have to do as the resident expert in the “consensus” idea. Although “consensus” as such is not what our decision-making method is supposed to be about, rather “discerning the will of God.”
Generally, if there’s any hold-out present at a Quaker business meeting, the likely assumption is that the issue has not been properly “seasoned,” and needs to wait for further light. Which will not necessarily lead either to a victory for one side or to a compromise; another outcome is that God reveals an unexpected way forward.
Less desirable possible outcomes… Everyone in the meeting sees that a particular decision, while not ideal, is the best that everyone is going to be willing to accept, and settles for that. It seems, to me, a less than divinely-led process when that happens, but it is, after all, a process that needs to operate with the particular human beings we happen to be.
The danger… Frequently, to my mind, we err on the side of timidity and narrowness.
One benefit, even in the non-ideal outcomes, is that normally there ate no human beings trampled in the process. (In extreme cases, a clerk is allowed to decide that “the sense of the meeting” is clear, so that if there’s a hold-out unwilling to be recorded as “standing aside,” his opposition may be over-ridden. This is extremely rare, & may well be a mistake even when it seems necessary.)
Further benefits: Once we do decide a particular course is what we’re called to follow, we tend to do so wholeheartedly. And ironically, we tend to settle some of the harder questions long before the more “practical” processes of normal society. We renounced slavery (AND the American Revolution!) around the time of the American Revolution. The practical men killed thousands of people, trying to do the same thing 90 years later–and the first thing they did, once they had finally made slavery illegal, was to subvert the change via the use of vagrancy laws and chain gangs!
I recommend the chapter on communal discernment in Gordon Smith’s The Voice of Jesus. Holding too much to consensus as THE way of communal discernment isn’t wise, it seems to me. I think the Holy Spirit can move in a variety of ways…sometimes even though the decision making of a particular leader. The truth is, even if we just focus on the New Testament, there are a variety of methods of decision making shown.
Hi Jason and all:
Thanks for the responses. I have a couple of comments about some of it. It might go without saying, but in the interest of full disclosure I must say I am not an anarchist (I am a pacifist in that I oppose all military action; I am not sure about the use of force by the police).
1. Jason, you ask me if I think the US is a democracy. No I don’t. I believe that capitalist inequality prevents the system from reflecting the rule of the people. When I advocate democracy I am advocating an IDEAL where the majority rules while respecting the interests and rights of the minority. In this discussion it seems appropriate to me to compare the IDEALIZED democracy with the IDEALIZED anarchy. Of course the discussion requires that we examine how reality can be expected to diverge from the ideal, but that applies to anarchy too.
2. If anarchy is vulnerable to tyranny of the minority then wouldn’t that give most people LESS control over their lives (when the minority imposed its preferences on the majority, there would be more people who were twarted than not).
3. Democracy on the other hand seems vulnerable to tyranny of the majority.
4. To me it seems like the “solution” is for us Christians to follow jesus’ standard of loving God, loving our neighbors, and even loving our enemies. Inasmuch as WE follow that WE will not be tyrannizing anyone. If the world were filled with ideal Christians it wouldn’t really matter what formal poltical system there was. And since the world isn’t filled with such ideal people (I am surely not one of the ideal) then even a “perfect” system would fail to display the will of God.
your friend
keith