the 13th Apostle十三使徒
Written by Mark Van Steenwyk : September 27, 2007写的马克范steenwyk ： 2007年9月27日
As I was drifting off to sleep last night, I was struck by a thought that came completely out of nowhere. The thought was this:正如我是漂流小康睡觉，昨晚我留下深刻的思考来到完全失控是行不通的。思想是：
“Paul was the 13th Apostle because the twelve disciples represent the 12 tribes of Israel, while Paul represents Jesus’ ingathering of the Gentiles.” “保罗是第13使徒，因为12弟子代表12部落，以色列，而保罗代表耶稣的ingathering的外邦人” 。
The idea seemed odd, because I wasn’t really thinking about Paul or the Apostles before bed. The day before, however, I had been talking with a university student about Luke 4 (the Jesus Manifesto) being the interpretive key for Luke-Acts. Luke 4 securely establishes the lens of Jubilee for the rest of Luke’s two volume work.想法似乎奇怪，因为我不是真正的思考郑明训或使徒前床。的前一天，不过，我已经跟一所大学的学生约路加福音4 （耶稣宣言）作为诠释的关键卢克-行为。卢克4稳妥地确立了镜头的银禧至于其余的卢克的两个量的工作。
As the thought entered my sleepy consciousness, I remembered the earlier discussion with my student friend. In Luke 4, Jesus not only claims to have come to bring Jubilee to the marginalized, but also to the Gentiles. Paul is the tool Jesus uses to re-forge what it means to be “covenant people.” It is with Paul that Jesus’ mission to bring in the Gentiles gains traction.作为思想进入了我沉睡的意识，我记得早些时候的讨论与我的学生朋友。在路加四，耶稣不仅声称已来，使银禧向被边缘化，而且也给外邦人。保罗是耶稣的工具，用途重新-建立它的意思是“盟约的人。 ”这是与保罗说，耶稣的使命，使在外邦人的利益牵引。
Paul gets bad press these days. But Paul gets to do something that Jesus never got to pursue in his three years of earthly ministry: focus his missionary efforts on the Gentiles. Paul embodies God’s deep love for the Gentiles.保罗得到不好的新闻，这些天，但保罗得到做点事，耶稣从来没有得到实行，在他三年的尘世部：重点传教的努力，对外邦人。郑明训，体现了上帝的深深的爱，为外邦人。
In Luke 4, the townsfolk that Jesus grew up with wanted to kill him for insinuating that he, the Messiah, had come to bring Jubilee to the Gentiles (who are the oppressor). He also insinuated that some of them, who are Jews, might be on the outside. Paul (though certainly not just Paul), makes good on the Spirit’s wooing of the Gentiles. Paul is, in a way, an expression of God’s heart for the oppressor. Maybe that is one reason why we don’t like Paul these days. With Jesus, we get to see Jesus’ clear heart for the poor and marginalized within Israel. With Paul, we see, among other things, God’s hear for Rome.在路加四，乡亲耶稣成长起来的要杀死他暗示他，弥赛亚，已经到了使银禧向外邦人（谁是压迫者） 。他还暗示他们中的一些，谁是犹太人，可能对外部。保罗（虽然肯定不只是保罗） ，使良好的精神，对的拉拢的外邦人。保罗是，在某种程度上，表达了天主的心为压迫者，也许这是原因之一为什么我们不喜欢保罗这些天。耶稣的，我们可以看到，耶稣明确的心脏，为贫困和边缘化在以色列境内。保罗，我们看到，除其他事项外，上帝的听到为罗马。
for further reading .为进一步读。 . 。 . 。
- None Found无发现
Although I certainly agree with the point you’re making, I would hesitate to call Paul the 13th disciple.虽然我当然同意这一点您决策，我会毫不犹豫地要求保禄二世的第13弟子。
Judas is out, because he was the betrayer, and was replaced by Matthias.犹大是，因为他是背叛者，并取代马提亚。 So that brings us back up to 12.这样使我们回到多达12个。
Doesn’t Revelation mention 12 thrones for the 12 tribes of Israel, and 12 thrones for the 12 apostles?不提的启示12 thrones为12部落，以色列，和12 thrones为12使徒？ I’ll have to look that up.我将要看看，直至。
But if there’s only 12 thrones for the apostles, not 13, then who’s absent?但如果有，只有12个thrones为使徒，而不是13 ，那么谁的缺席？ I doubt they’ll be playing musical chairs in heaven, but if they were, who gets left standing, Paul or Matthias?我怀疑他们会玩音乐椅在天上，但如果他们，谁得到左常委，保罗或马提亚？
I would say that Paul is the 12th disciple, rather than the 13th, and Matthias is left standing (though certainly not without honor.) Matthias was not picked by Jesus at all.我可以说，保罗是第12届弟子，而不是13日，和马提亚是左常务委员会（虽然肯定不是无的荣誉。 ）马提亚没有挑选出来的耶稣在所有。 It was between him and another guy, and they picked him essential by flipping a coin.这是他与另一个家伙，他们挑选他的必不可少的翻开硬币。 The Bible does not say that the disciples were right to do this.圣经不说，门徒是正确的做到这一点。 It just says that they did it.它只是说他们这样做，是。
Paul, however, was picked by Jesus himself, and I think he was the true replacement for Judas.保罗，不过，挑选出来的耶稣自己，而且我觉得他是真正的替代犹大。 My guess is that the disciples got hasty.我的猜测是，门徒得到草率。
At the time Paul was writing, his claim to be an apostle assigned to the goyim was sort of an assertion of rank, a way of claiming the right to carry on his mission without being trumped by other people’s ideas about what Gentiles needed to do to be saved, whether they could eat with kosher Jews in the Christian movement, etc. It’s not as if we, ourselves, need to decide who’s really “an apostle” & who ain’t.在当时的保罗是写作，他声称自己是一个使徒分配给goyim是这类断言一项排名，一种声称有权进行对他的使命没有被莫须有的，由其他人的想法是什么外邦人的需要这样做，以节省，他们是否可以吃与犹太教犹太人在基督教的运动，等它的不作为，如果我们，我们自己，需要来决定谁的，真是“一使徒” ＆ ，谁不是。
Getting down to this Judas thing… From various gospels it looks like Jesus sent all the disciples out, at least once, to heal the sick and announce the Kingdom on his behalf… so even Judas could heal people!越来越下降到这个被犹大出卖了的事… …从不同的福音，它看起来像耶稣发出的所有弟子，至少有一次，以医治病人，并宣布英国以他的名义…因此，即使是被犹大出卖了可以医治的人！
What about us, then?关于我们什么，然后呢？ (& why not?! & what ought we do about that?) （ ＆为什么不呢？ ！ ＆什么，我们应该做呢？ ）
Many (myself included) suspect that the 11 apostles made a mistake when they artificially inducted Matthias as an apostle (how does one do such a thing?).许多（包括本人在内）怀疑的11使徒犯了一个错误，当他们人为地诱导马提亚作为一个使徒（如何一做这样的事？ ） 。 Instead, if they would have waited, Christ Himself would have chosen a “replacement” apostle in Saul - as one abnormally born.反之，如果他们愿意等待，基督本人将已经选择了一个“替代”使徒在娑罗双树-作为一个异常出生的。
It’s worth considering if Matthias should be counted amongst the apostles.这是值得考虑的，如果马提亚应该算当中，使徒。
Now that I reflect on it, it’s worth considering if Judas should be counted amongst the apostles…现在我就反映，那是值得考虑的，如果犹大应该算当中，使徒…
Just to sharpshoot a little on the comments about Matthias.只是为了sharpshoot一点上的意见，约马提亚。 Casting lots in Jewish culture was not equivalent to our “flipping a coin.” Though we understand both practices as subject to randomness and chance, Jews understood the casting of lots to be spiritually significant because the outcome was ordained by God.铸造地段，犹太文化并不等同于我们的“翻开硬币。 ： ”虽然我们了解，这两种做法，因为受到的随机性和机会，犹太人理解铸造的地段要在精神上重要，因为结果被祝圣上帝。 Priests were chosen to serve in the temple by the casting of lots, which adds significance to the election of Matthias to the twelve in Acts.神父选择服务，在圣殿中所铸造的地段，增加了意义的选举马提亚到12的行为。 So I think the case that Matthias was chosen against God’s will in a hastily assembled coup by the remaining eleven disciples is difficult to make.因此，我认为情况是，马提亚被选为对上帝的意志在一个匆匆组装政变，由余下的11弟子是难以作出。
I’ve heard the interpretation that Matthias and Paul are equal to Joseph’s two sons Manesse and Ephraim..我听说过解释马提亚和保罗都是平等的约瑟夫的两个儿子马和ephraim .. so there are actually 13 tribes and 13 apostles..因此，实际上是13个部落和13使徒..
I hate to pour water on the whole debate but I think there is a simpler answer to the whole thing.我恨倾诉水对整个辩论，但我觉得有一个简单的答案，整个的事。 1Cor 12 and Ephesians 4 both list “apostle” as a spiritual gift.哥林多前书12和以弗所书4均名单“使徒”作为一个精神礼物。 However you want to parse that it seems that Paul can have the gift of discipleship with out being one of the original 12 who walked with Jesus during his ministry on earth (Acts 21).不过，您要剖析它似乎保罗可以有礼物门徒同列之一，原来的12谁走与耶稣在他的部在地球上（行为21 ） 。
Apostle, essentially, means “emissary” or perhaps ambassador.使徒，基本上，意思是“使者” ，或者驻华大使。 Given its usage in the NT it seems to mean a special office and not just a descriptor of all Christians.鉴于其使用，在新台币似乎意味着一个特别办公室，并不仅仅是一个广义的所有基督徒。 We could even call Mark an Apostle to the Cedar Ave neighborhood.我们甚至可以调用马克一使徒，以雪松大街居委会。 Without an authoritative list, we would be hard pressed to assign him a number.没有一个权威的名单，我们将很难指派他一个号码。 We would be making a mistake, I think, to limit the term apostle to those first twelve or the first century.我们会作出一个错误，我认为，限制任期使徒那些第一或12世纪的第一次。
Chris:克里斯：
I’m not disagreeing with your assertion about the nature of casting lots, as the apostles did in Acts.我不同意你的断言约的性质，铸造地段，作为使徒所做的行为。 Although I do raise an eyebrow at the idea of casting lots as divining the will of God, that just means that I’ma cultural outsider.虽然我提出一个在眉毛的想法铸造地段作为divining的意志，上帝，只表示我是文化局外人。
However, I do think that other things can be pointed to that make the selection seem artificial.不过，我认为其他的东西可以指出，该作出选择，似乎人工。 I’m not a strong advocate of the position that Matthias was a mistake, but I find myself frequently suspecting…我不是一个坚决主张的立场，马提亚是一个错误，但我发现自己经常怀疑…
Why don’t we cast lots to see who is right?我们为什么不投了很多，看看谁是正确的呢？
(Sorry, that was uncalled for!) （对不起，这是多余的！ ）
I agree about the fluidity of the term “apostle.” But I think that the word had a special meaning in regard to the 12.我同意关于流动性而言， “使徒” ，但我认为这个词有特殊的意义，在考虑到12 。 And given Paul’s history with the 12 in Acts, I think that specific meaning applies to him.鉴于保罗的历史与12的行为，我认为特定的含义，适用于他。
Whether or not my theory has any validity, I think one thing is sure: Paul’s mission shows God’s love for the Gentiles.是否或不是我的理论有任何的有效性，我认为有一件事是确定的：保罗的使命表明，上帝的爱为外邦人。 So, while a growing number of people disdain Paul, we should keep in mind that the reason Paul sounds different than Jesus is that he was addressing Gentiles.因此，尽管越来越多的人不屑保罗，我们应牢记，原因保罗的声音不同，比耶稣是他处理外邦人。 I’m convinced that Pauline concepts find their roots in the teachings of Jesus, even if they don’t seem to connect at first blush.我坚信，宝莲的概念，找到自己的根在的教诲，耶稣，即使他们似乎并不连接在第一绯红。
Whoa whoa, guys.哎呀哎呀，家伙。
I don’t mean to completely change subject here, but it seems everyone seems to have at least implicitly taken the stance that Judas Iscariot was excluded from heaven for his betrayal of Christ!我不意味着彻底改变这里的主题，但似乎每个人似乎都至少有含蓄采取的立场犹大iscariot被排除从天上为他的背叛基督！ Firstly, the Bible does not show us this in any way, as the only verse regarding Judas’s fate is Acts 1:25 where it is said that he went to “his own place”.首先，圣经没有告诉我们，这在任何方式，作为唯一的诗句就被犹大出卖的命运是行为1时25分情况下，这是说，他到“自己的地方” 。
Let’s not too quickly forget that Christ himself chose Judas, just the same as he chose the other 11 original apostles.让我们不要太快忘记，基督被犹大出卖了自己的选择，只是一样，他选择了其他11名原来的使徒。 Judas had an equally important part in the disciples’ ministry.犹大出卖了一个同样重要的一部分，在弟子'部。 It just so happens that he also had another, MORE important part - he was the unfortunate one chosen BY GOD to be the betrayer of Christ.它只是恰巧，他也有另外，更重要的部分-他是不幸的一所选择的上帝是基督的背叛者。 So?这样呢？ Somebody had to hand Christ over, or He would not have been tortured and crucified to be our salvation.有人以手基督以上，或他不会受到酷刑和钉在十字架上是我们的救赎。 Just because Judas had to do this - which was a part of God’s plan - does that mean he was punished for doing God’s will?只是因为犹大不得不这样做-这是一个组成部分上帝的计划-这是否意味他被处罚做上帝的意愿？
I’d like to think Judas is the one disciple with whom we can most readily empathize, since we all have a time in which we are enslaved by sin, in which we betray Christ and nail Him to the cross once more.我想认为犹大是一个门徒我们将与谁可以最容易理解，因为我们每个人都有时间，在这方面，我们是被奴役的由单仲偕，在这方面，我们出卖基督和他钉十字架一次。 Yet seeing our wrongdoing in the light of Christ’s sacrifice, we, like Judas, are overcome with remorse.然而，看到我们的不法行为，在基督之光的牺牲，我们一样，被犹大出卖，是克服与悔意。 Perhaps suicide was not the right answer, and we are not told that this action, occurring AFTER Judas’s role was played through, was a part of God’s plan for him.也许自杀是不正确的答案，我们也不会说这样的行动，后发生的犹大的作用是通过发挥，一个组成部分上帝的计划为他。 Never once was he condemned or shunned by Christ because He knew that he would betray him.从来没有一次是他谴责或回避由基督，因为他知道，他会出卖他。 For all we know, Judas may have repented and continued in ministry with the Twelve after Christ’s resurrection!所有我们都知道，犹大可能有悔过，并继续在外交部与12后，基督的复活！
Judas has two different fates depending on which story you prefer.犹大有两种不同的命运，取决于它的故事，您喜欢的。
In any case, no one is suggesting that Judas was not a human being.在任何情况下，没有人暗示犹大是不是人。 Hence he was made as the image of God, and lived within the love and power of God.因此，他作出的形象，神，并且生活在爱与上帝的力量。 Which should suffice for his salvation…这应足以为他的救恩…
There’sa story I like, told in a Dostoyevsky novel.有一个故事，我很喜欢，说在一个陀思妥耶夫斯基的小说。 An old woman dies, an extremely wicked old woman–and is processed for the afterlife. 1岁女子死亡，一个极其险恶岁女子和处理，为来世。 Only her guardian angel will speak for her, and he has nothing to say.只有她的守护天使，将她的发言，他已无话可说。 Yet after diligent search of the records, he reports: “She once gave a beggar an onion!”然而，经过勤奋搜索的纪录，他的报告： “她曾经给乞丐一洋葱” ！
“It was a rotten onion. “这是一个烂洋葱。 That’s why she gave it away.”这也是她为什么要拿走了“ 。
But the angel persists, and at length it is decided.但天使坚持，并在长度，这是决定。 If the onion can bear her weight, the old woman will be saved.如果洋葱可以承受她的重量，岁女子将被保存。 The angel descends to Hell, holding the onion at arm’s length, and the woman, seeing it, grabs ahold.天使降地狱，举办洋葱在手臂的长度，和该名女子，看到它，抓住阿霍德。 Gently, delicately, the angel begins to draw her up.轻轻地，微妙，天使开始提请她。
And then another sinner, swimming in the flames, sees the old woman rising up.然后另一个罪人，游泳，在火光，看到老妇上升。 He takes hold of her ankle.他日月如梭踝关节。 Others follow, until at length the angel and the onion are carrying the whole population of Hell in a long, dangling chain.其他的后续，直到在长度天使和洋葱是进行整个人口的地狱，在一个长期，悬挂链。
And then the old woman feels the weight, and looks down.然后老太太觉得重量，并期待。 “Hey!” she says. “嘿！ ”她说。 “This is my onion!” And so it breaks. “这是我的洋葱！ ” ，所以休息时间。
Can Judas catch a ride on our onions?可以犹大赶上乘坐我们的洋葱？
The disciples were given authorities as judges by Jesus.门徒获得当局的作为法官的耶稣。 Their decision to name Matthias as Judas’ replacment was binding on earth and heaven:他们决定名称马提亚作为犹大'置换是有约束力的地球上的天堂：
Matthew 16:19 [To the disciples/Peter] I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and whatever you bind on earth is already bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth is already loosed in heaven.马太16时19分[门徒/黄匡源]我会给你钥匙的天国，而且不管您绑定在地球上已是必然，在天堂，无论你松散，在地球上已经松动，在天堂。